Definition of Epr Essay Example

Definition of Epr Paper According to Karim (2008), different terms are used in the literature to explain electronic patient’s healthcare data such as Electronic Health Records (EHR), Electronic Patient Record (EPR), Electronic Medical Record (EMR), Computerized Patient Record (CPR), and Computerized Medical Record (CMR). These names are given from time to time in different nations and in different healthcare environments. Abdul (2008) argues that EHR is different from an EPR/EMR that is longitudinal and not site specific, in short EHR is patient centric while EPR/EMR are provider centric.An electronic health record defined by Murphy (1999) as any information relating to the past, present or future physical health of an patient existing in an electronic system, which is used to capture, transmit, receive, store, retrieve, and manipulate data for the main purpose of providing healthcare and health-related services. EPR/EMR can be defined as the record of the periodic care provided mainly by one institu tion, as this will relate to healthcare provided to a patient by an acute hospital.Other healthcare providers like mental health NHS Trust (RCGP, 1998) may also hold electronic Patient/Medical Record. The schematic representation of EMR/EPR is given in figure (1). The database of EPR consists of registration of patient, billing information, clinician’s diagnosis, laboratory information such as x-ray, pathology, blood results, etc. The pharmacy information consists of information about medicines, supply of medicines, stock monitoring of drugs etc.These systems are interconnected with the database and interoperable, which is easy to access for physicians, reduces cost, improves healthcare considerably. Figure (1) Schematic representation model of EMR (Abdul, 2008) Hannan (1999) describes EPR as an essential tool for collecting and integrating medical information in order to improve clinical decision-making and Hassey (2001) describes it as general practice records containing da ta on an individual with a list of entries about individual’s medical health.

Reverse Racism In America by Dan Heffron, a short 6 page essay describing reverse racism in America Today. Gives examples and references.

Reverse Racism In America by Dan Heffron, a short 6 page essay describing reverse racism in America Today. Gives examples and references. Reverse Racism In AmericaDan HeffronThere is surely no nation in the world that holds "racism" in greater horror than does the United States. Compared to other kinds of offenses, it is thought to be somehow more reprehensible. The press and public have become so used to tales of murder, rape, robbery and arson, that any but the most spectacular crimes are shrugged off as part of the inevitable texture of American life. "Racism" is never shrugged off. For example, when a White Georgetown Law School student reported earlier this year that black students are not as qualified as white students, it set off a booming, national controversy about "racism." If the student had merely murdered someone he would have attracted far less attention and criticism.Racism is, indeed, the national obsession. Universities are on full alert for it, newspapers and politicians denounce it, churches preach against it, America is said to be racked with it, but just what is racism?Dictionaries are not much hel p in understanding what is meant by the word.W. E. B. Du Bois (1868 – 1963), co-founder of th...They usually define it as the belief that one's own ethnic stock is superior to others, or as the belief that culture and behavior are rooted in race. When Americans speak of racism they mean a great deal more than this. Nevertheless, the dictionary definition of racism is a clue to understanding what Americans do mean.The dogma has logical consequences that are profoundly important. If blacks, for example, are equal to whites in every way, what accounts for their poverty, criminality#, and dissipation? Since any theory of racial differences has been outlawed, the only possible explanation for black failure is white racism. And since blacks are markedly poor, crime-prone, and dissipated, America must be racked with pervasive racism. Nothing else could be keeping them...

How to Analyze a Historical Document

How to Analyze a Historical Document It can be easy when examining a historical document that relates to an ancestor to look for the one right answer to our question - to rush to judgment based on the assertions presented in the document or text, or the conclusions we make from it. It is easy to look at the document through eyes clouded by personal bias and perceptions engendered by the time, place and circumstances in which we live. What we need to consider, however, is the bias present in the document itself. The reasons for which the record was created. The perceptions of the documents creator. When weighing the information contained in an individual document we must consider the extent to which the information reflects reality. Part of this analysis is weighing and correlating evidence obtained from multiple sources. Another important part is evaluating the provenance, purpose, motivation,  and constraints of the documents which contain that information within a particular historical context. Questions to consider for every record we touch: 1. What Type of Document Is It? Is it a census record, will, land deed, memoir, personal letter, etc.? How might the record type affect the content and believability of the document? 2. What Are the Physical Characteristics of the Document? Is it handwritten? Typed? A pre-printed form? Is it an original document or a court-recorded copy? Is there an official seal? Handwritten notations? Is the document in the original language in which it was produced? Is there anything unique about the document that stands out? Are the characteristics of the document consistent with its time and place? 3. Who Was the Author or Creator of the Document? Consider the author, creator and/or informant of the document and its contents. Was the document created first-hand by the author? If the documents creator was a court clerk, parish priest, family doctor, newspaper columnist, or other third party, who was the informant? What was the authors motive or purpose for creating the document? What was the author or informants knowledge of and proximity to the event(s) being recorded? Was he educated? Was the record created or signed under oath or attested to in court? Did the author/informant have reasons to be truthful or untruthful? Was the recorder a neutral party, or did the author have opinions or interests that might have influenced what was recorded? What perception might this author have brought to the document and description of events? No source is entirely immune to the influence of its creators predilections, and knowledge of the author/creator helps in determining the documents reliability. 4. For What Purpose Was the Record Created? Many sources were created to serve a purpose or for a particular audience. If a governmental record, what law or laws required the documents creation? If a more personal document such as a letter, memoir, will, or family history, for what audience was it written and why? Was the document meant to be public or private? Was the document open to public challenge? Documents created for legal or business reasons, particularly those open to public scrutiny such as those presented in court, are more likely to be accurate. 5. When Was the Record Created? When was this document produced? Is it contemporary to the events it describes? If it is a letter is it dated? If a bible page, do the events predate the bibles publication? If a photograph, does the name, date or other information written on the back appear contemporaneous to the photo? If undated, clues such as phrasing, form of address, and handwriting can help to identify the general era. First-hand accounts created at the time of the event are generally more reliable than those created months or years after the event occurred. 6. How Has the Document or Record Series Been Maintained? Where did you obtain/view the record? Has the document been carefully maintained and preserved by a government agency or archival repository? If a family item, how has it been passed down to the present day? If a manuscript collection or other item residing in a library or historical society, who was the donor? Is it an original or derivative copy? Could the document have been tampered with? 7. Were There Other Individuals Involved? If the document is a recorded copy, was the recorder an impartial party? An elected official? A salaried court clerk? A parish priest? What qualified the individuals who witnessed the document? Who posted the bond for a marriage? Who served as godparents for a baptism? Our understanding of the parties involved in an event, and the laws and customs which may have governed their participation, aids in our interpretation of the evidence contained within a document. In-depth analysis and interpretation of a historical document is an important step in the genealogical research process, allowing us to distinguish between fact, opinion, and assumption, and explore reliability and potential bias when weighing the evidence it contains. Knowledge of the historical context, customs,  and laws influencing the document can even add to the evidence we glean. The next time you hold a genealogical record, ask yourself if you have really explored everything the document has to say.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic management - Essay Example Strategic analysis of Johnston Press Plc business enviroment using PESTLE and SWOT analysis; PESTLE Political. Besley (2008) emphasized the company’s political environment is stable. The United Kingdom government is one of the most stable and easily predictable governments in the world today. Economic. Economically, the year 2010 is characterized by retrenchment. The company’s Limerick plant at Leader Print Ltd has finally closed shop after several years of trying to keep its revenues higher than the company’s daily operating expenses. Social. Gibson sings (2010) The company has been in the forefront of the United Kingdom society. The society has been used to reading the news from the Johnston Press printing plants for several years. In fact, Johnston Press is the second largest printing company in the United Kingdom today. Technological. The company has incorporated digital advertising as one of its biggest revenue generators. Digital advertising and publishing has many advantages. One such advantage is the company’s borderless sales probabilities. Clients from any part of the world can visit the company’s website and patronise the company’s publishing and other related services. Legal. The company has been complying with all the employments laws, work-related laws and other statutes. Environmental. The company continues to adhere to the environmental laws of the United Kingdom. The company does not pollute the country’s pristine rivers with its printing company’s waste products. SWOT Strengths. Johnston, (2010) reiterated during 2010, advertising categories and geographic market segments have performed profitably well. Property advertising has bounced back to a 9.5 percent growth from the 2009 accounting period’s property advertising debacle. Consequently, house sales have started to increase as compared to the 2009 house sales. Understandably, the 2009 low house was had been triggered by the Unit ed States-based financial crisis. Further, cost reduction that included a reduction from 5,640 heads to only 5,417 heads, has augmented the company’s profitability ratio. The company’s single editing process has increase production performance. The company’s newspaper titles include Batley News, Halifax Courier, Glasgow South and Eastwood Extra, Carrick Gazette, and Isle of Man Courier. Weaknesses. Johnston (2010) emphasized the company’s print advertising industry is been set to second place. The Johnston Plc’s print advertising has been losing to the new and innovative digital advertising market segment. The economic debacle has cut the company’s advertising revenue by a significant percentage. Opportunities. Johnston (2010) explained the company should focus on increasing digital sales performance, the internet and computer technology has metamorphosed the printing business into the digital age. In fact, the company’s digital sales growth had increased by ten percent during 2010 when compared to the digital sales growth in 2009. The company should increase its focus on selling of its display inventories. The early part of 2010 shows a slow but sure recovery from the debilitating crunch of the prior year’s unprofitable economic depression. Threats. Johnston (2010) theorized the lack of any influential increase in the economic activity in the Republic of Ireland threatens the company’s plans to increase it overall sales performance. Using Porter's five forces

3 to Choose From Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

3 to Choose From - Essay Example The recent nuclear energy agreement (1-2-3 agreement) signed between India and America is the best example for the interests in nuclear energy by developing countries like India. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are the two scientific processes used to liberate energy from the nucleus of an atom. Both these processes have its scientific base in the famous relativity theory formulated by the well known scientist Einstein. The equation E = mc2 (E-energy, m- mass of the matter and v – velocity of light) formulated by Einstein serves as the base for these two processes nuclear fission and fusion. Through this equation Einstein established that matter can be converted to energy and vice versa. Nuclear fission is a process of splitting up of a heavy nucleus by a fast moving neutron. Mostly one of the isotopes of Uranium, U235 is used for the fission purpose. When U235 is bombarded with a neutron, it will be accepted by the U235 nucleus and becomes U236. But U236 is This reaction was first studied by Enrico Fermi and his colleagues. But they failed to interpret the results properly. They could not identify the reason for the formation of two new elements when Uranium nucleus was bombarded with a neutron. But German scientists Otto Hann and Fritz Strassmann were successful in explaining the process. They have concluded that â€Å"if a massive nucleus like uranium-235 breaks apart (fissions), then there will be a net yield of energy because the sum of the masses of the fragments will be less than the mass of the uranium nucleus.† (Nuclear Fission) Nuclear fusion is the reverse process of nuclear fission. Here two light nuclei were combined to form a single heavier nucleus. It is a process in which both energy absorption as well as energy liberation takes place. It occurs naturally at stars. The Sun is able to produce huge amount of heat only because of the fusion reaction happening in it. Unlike

Raisin’ in the Sun Essay Example for Free

Raisin’ in the Sun Essay 1. WALTER: â€Å"You wouldn’t understand yet, son, but your daddy’s gonna make a transaction . . . a business transaction that’s going to change our lives. That’s how come one day when you ‘bout seventeen years old I’ll come home . . . I’ll pull the car up on the driveway . . . just a plain black Chrysler, I think, with white walls—no—black tires . . . the gardener will be clipping away at the hedges and he’ll say, â€Å"Good evening, Mr. Younger. † And I’ll say, â€Å"Hello, Jefferson, how are you this evening? † And I’ll go inside and Ruth will come downstairs and meet me at the door and we’ll kiss each other and she’ll take my arm and we’ll go up to your room to see you sitting on the floor with the catalogues of all the great schools in America around you. All the great schools in the world! And—and I’ll say, all right son—it’s your seventeenth birthday, what is it you’ve decided?! † (Act II, scene ii) Walter’s speech is addressed to Travis closing one of the most important scenes in the play and foreshadowing the climax of the novel. Walter is explaining that he is going to invest money choosing his own way instead of agreeing with other family members. Walter was working as a chauffeur to rich people and he had heard about benefits of investing. Walter becomes obsessed with this idea and he is dreaming about wealthy future describing luxurious cars he will have. He is sure that his dreams with inevitable come true and, therefore, he uses ‘will’, not ‘if’ in sentences. His dream is not fully materialistic as he sees chances to improve relations with his wife and Travis will study in the best colleges. In such a way Walter is growing to maturity when he thinks about his family, their provisions etc. 2. WALTER: â€Å" [W]e have decided to move into our house because my father—my father—he earned it for us brick by brick. We don’t want to make no trouble for nobody or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbors. And that’s all we got to say about that. We don’t want your money†. (Act III) Walter’s words are addressed to Mr. Linder after Walter reveals that liquor store has been stolen. Walter shows first signs of disobedience and disagreement as other family members don’t want to accept Mr. Linder buyout. This quotation shows that Walter has his own ideas, desires and beliefs. Moreover, he is willing to act as independent and self-sufficient personality. Walter shifts his priorities. He has changed as earlier he focused his attention on money only, but now he is taking care of his family. It is possible to say that he has become a man. References Hansberry, Lorraine. (2004). A Raisin’ in the Sun. USA: Vintage.

Shadows On The Wall by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Essay example -- Shadow

Shadows On The Wall by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Dan Roberts: Dan is the main character in Shadows On The Wall . He is constantly seeing and feeling some very strange things on his vacation . Every morning he takes a jog very early around Micklegate Bar . He also makes a new friend on his journey to York , England . Dan is 15 years old . Joe Stanton: Joe is a cab driver . He and Dan become really good friends . Joe is an old but wise man in many ways . He also takes Dan to see all the sites in York and drives all the people around , but mostly the people staying at the Hotel . Ambrose Faw: He was the leader in the Faw family . He and Joe are also very good friends and they have known each other for almost the whole lives . Rose: Rose was married to Ambrose and had four kids . She is also a psychic like her mother . She is a very kind person . Nat: Nat was Ambrose’s son . He wants to leave the gypsy clan and have adventures when he grows up . He and Dan become good friends and Nat shows Dan around their camp . Nat also keeps bothering Dan because he wants to trade for Dan’s belt , but Dan said no because it is the only belt he brought with him . In the end they end up trading anyway . Jasper: He is Ambrose’s oldest son . He is also a mute , but he could talk when he was younger . One day he came running out of the woods scared and never talked again . Dan sometimes hears him singing in the woods . When he told Joe he said it was more like a chant . Dan has also seen Jasper turn into a type of monster with lime-green hair . Jasper is always staring at Dan . Orlenda: Orlenda is Nat’s older sister , she is often looking at Dan . Her grandmother thinks that she is going to run away with a gorgio . The grandmother considers Dan a gorgio . She barely talks to him but they are always near each other . Granny: the granny is Rose’s mother and she can tell the future . She believes that everyone of the gypsies have a special power . She also knew exactly when she was going to die and she was right . Rachel: Rachel is the youngest of Rose’s children and doesn’t do much in the book but help around with the little things . Mr. Roberts: He is Dan’s dad . All through the book he is acting very strangely on the entire trip Mrs. Roberts: She is Dan’s mom , she is also acting very strangely and her and her husband are kee... ... into the soldiers face he turned Joe .They were both dripping with sweat and they sat there and talked until sunrise . In the moring the other gypsy clan came and they finished the funeral and burned the granny’s things . After Dan and Joe ate they left because Joe knew that they wanted to be alone . On the way home Dan told Joe about how he saw Ambrose in the tower and that he was getting soil . Then Joe told Dan that the old woman wasn’t born in the gardens(Museum Gardens).Before Dan had left the camp he traded his belt with Nat for an old Romany coin . That was the last day Dan was in York . When he got back to the hotel he took a shower then went to sleep . When his Parents got back They all packed and left . That night Ambrose went to the hotel and asked for Dan but Mrs. Harrison told him that they left . After Ambrose left the hotel he went to the stream and threw Dan’s belt in the deepest part of the water . That is how the book ends . VII. This was a really good book . There were some boring parts , but most of it was good . There were some really good parts in this book , and there were alot of adventurous parts . I think the ending is very confusing .

Deception Point Page 30

The President shook his head. â€Å"I'm afraid I didn't make myself clear. You'll be doing the briefing from where you are via video conference.† â€Å"Oh.† Rachel hesitated. â€Å"What time did you have in mind?† â€Å"Actually,† Herney said, grinning. â€Å"How about right now? Everyone is already assembled, and they're staring at a big blank television set. They're waiting for you.† Rachel's body tensed. â€Å"Sir, I'm totally unprepared. I can't possibly-â€Å" â€Å"Just tell them the truth. How hard is that?† â€Å"But-â€Å" â€Å"Rachel,† the President said, leaning toward the screen. â€Å"Remember, you compile and relay data for a living. It's what you do. Just talk about what's going on up there.† He reached up to flick a switch on his video transmission gear, but paused. â€Å"And I think you'll be pleased to find I've set you up in a position of power.† Rachel didn't understand what he meant, but it was too late to ask. The President threw the switch. The screen in front of Rachel went blank for a moment. When it refreshed, Rachel was staring at one of the most unnerving images she had ever seen. Directly in front of her was the White House Oval Office. It was packed. Standing room only. The entire White House staff appeared to be there. And every one of them was staring at her. Rachel now realized her view was from atop the President's desk. Speaking from a position of power. Rachel was sweating already. From the looks on the faces of the White House staffers, they were as surprised to see Rachel as she was to see them. â€Å"Ms. Sexton?† a raspy voice called out. Rachel searched the sea of faces and found who had spoken. It was a lanky woman just now taking a seat in the front row. Marjorie Tench. The woman's distinctive appearance was unmistakable, even in a crowd. â€Å"Thank you for joining us, Ms. Sexton,† Marjorie Tench said, sounding smug. â€Å"The President tells us you have some news?† 33 Enjoying the darkness, paleontologist Wailee Ming sat alone in quiet reflection at his private work area. His senses were alive with anticipation for tonight's event. Soon I will be the most famous paleontologist in the world. He hoped Michael Tolland had been generous and featured Ming's comments in the documentary. As Ming savored his impending fame, a faint vibration shuddered through the ice beneath his feet, causing him to jump up. His earthquake instinct from living in Los Angeles made him hypersensitive to even the faintest palpitations of the ground. At the moment, though, Ming felt foolish to realize the vibration was perfectly normal. It's just ice calving, he reminded himself, exhaling. He still hadn't gotten used to it. Every few hours, a distant explosion rumbled through the night as somewhere along the glacial frontier a huge block of ice cracked off and fell into the sea. Norah Mangor had a nice way of putting it. New icebergs being born†¦ On his feet now, Ming stretched his arms. He looked across the habisphere, and off in the distance beneath the blaze of television spotlights, he could see a celebration was getting underway. Ming was not much for parties and headed in the opposite direction across the habisphere. The labyrinth of deserted work areas now felt like a ghost town, the entire dome taking on an almost sepulchral feel. A chill seemed to have settled inside, and Ming buttoned up his long, camel-hair coat. Up ahead he saw the extraction shaft-the point from which the most magnificent fossils in all of human history had been taken. The giant metal tripod had now been stowed and the pool sat alone, surrounded by pylons like some kind of shunned pothole on a vast parking lot of ice. Ming wandered over to the pit, standing a safe distance back, peering into the two-hundred-foot-deep pool of frigid water. Soon it would refreeze, erasing all traces that anyone had ever been here. The pool of water was a beautiful sight, Ming thought. Even in the dark. Especially in the dark. Ming hesitated at the thought. Then it registered. There's something wrong. As Ming focused more closely on the water, he felt his previous contentedness give way to a sudden whirlwind of confusion. He blinked his eyes, stared again, and then quickly turned his gaze across the dome†¦ fifty yards away toward the mass of people celebrating in the press area. He knew they could not see him way over here in the dark. I should tell someone about this, shouldn't I? Ming looked again at the water, wondering what he would tell them. Was he seeing an optical illusion? Some kind of strange reflection? Uncertain, Ming stepped beyond the pylons and squatted down at the edge of the pit. The water level was four feet below the ice level, and he leaned down to get a better look. Yes, something was definitely strange. It was impossible to miss, and yet it had not become visible until the lights in the dome had gone out. Ming stood up. Somebody definitely needed to hear about this. He started off at a hurried pace toward the press area. Completing only a few steps, Ming slammed on the brakes. Good God! He spun back toward the hole, his eyes going wide with realization. It had just dawned on him. â€Å"Impossible!† he blurted aloud. And yet Ming knew that was the only explanation. Think, carefully, he cautioned. There must be a more reasonable rationale. But the harder Ming thought, the more convinced he was of what he was seeing. There is no other explanation! He could not believe that NASA and Corky Marlinson had somehow missed something this incredible, but Ming wasn't complaining. This is Wailee Ming's discovery now! Trembling with excitement, Ming ran to a nearby work area and found a beaker. All he needed was a little water sample. Nobody was going to believe this! 34 â€Å"As intelligence liaison to the White House,† Rachel Sexton was saying, trying to keep her voice from shaking as she addressed the crowd on the screen before her, â€Å"my duties include traveling to political hot spots around the globe, analyzing volatile situations, and reporting to the President and White House staff.† A bead of sweat formed just below her hairline and Rachel dabbed it away, silently cursing the President for dropping this briefing into her lap with zero warning. â€Å"Never before have my travels taken me to quite this exotic a spot.† Rachel motioned stiffly to the cramped trailer around her. â€Å"Believe it or not, I am addressing you right now from above the Arctic Circle on a sheet of ice that is over three hundred feet thick.† Rachel sensed a bewildered anticipation in the faces on the screen before her. They obviously knew they had been packed into the Oval Office for a reason, but certainly none of them imagined it would have anything to do with a development above the Arctic Circle. The sweat was beading again. Get it together, Rachel. This is what you do. â€Å"I sit before you tonight with great honor, pride, and†¦ above all, excitement.† Blank looks. Screw it, she thought, angrily wiping the sweat away. I didn't sign up for this. Rachel knew what her mother would say if she were here now: When in doubt, just spit it out! The old Yankee proverb embodied one of her mom's basic beliefs-that all challenges can be overcome by speaking the truth, no matter how it comes out. Taking a deep breath, Rachel sat up tall and looked straight into the camera. â€Å"Sorry, folks, if you're wondering how I could be sweating my butt off above the Arctic Circle†¦ I'm a little nervous.† The faces before her seemed to jolt back a moment. Some uneasy laughter. â€Å"In addition,† Rachel said, â€Å"your boss gave me about ten seconds' warning before telling me I would be facing his entire staff. This baptism by fire is not exactly what I had in mind for my first visit to the Oval Office.†

Analyse Communication Methods and Assess their Effectiveness in a Care Settings

Analyse communication methods and assess their effectiveness in a care settings. Health and social care professionals have to develop effective communication skills in order to work with the diverse range of people who use and work within care services. The two contexts, or types of circumstances, in which communication and interaction occur are one-to-one and group contexts.One-to-one communication occurs when one person speaks with or writes to another individual. Examples of one-to-one communication in health care could be a patient talking to his/her doctor, a doctor talking to a patient’s family and a doctor breaking sensitive news to a patient. Effective communication and interaction play an important role in the work of all health and social care professionals.For example, care professionals need to be able to use a range of communication and interaction skills in order to: Work inclusively with people of different ages and diverse backgrounds, respond appropriately to the variety of care-related problems and individual needs of people who use care services, obtain clear, accurate information about a person’s problems, symptoms or concerns. Group communication follows slightly different ‘rules’ to communication in one-to-one situations. There is often more going on in a group, with a number of different people trying to speak, get their point across and their voice heard.These work better when the group is small as the leader can interact better than working with large groups. As a communication context, groups can have a number of benefits for participants: a group can be an effective way of sharing responsibilities and groups can improve decision-making and problem-solving because they draw on the knowledge and skills of a number of people However, groups can also limit the effectiveness of communication if: people find it hard to speak and contribute effectively or to challenge aspects of the group’s thinking or pract ices.This can lead to poorly thought-out, unquestioned decisions being made. Care professionals need to understand how communication and interpersonal interaction occur in both formal and informal contexts. Knowing when to communicate formally and when to use informal communication improves the effectiveness of a care professional’s communication and interactions. Formal communication is the interaction between two or more people, which does adhere to the rules of formal communication. Formal communication requires appropriate verbal and non-verbal skills.Other  examples of formal communication are: formal letter or email. Informal communication is more relaxed, more personal and ‘looser’ than formal communication. People use informal language when they speak with or write to their family, friends or close relatives. Care professionals have to learn to assess each person’s communication needs and preferences and to understand the different contexts in wh ich formal and informal communication is appropriate. Developing this understanding and flexibility enables a care professional to be respectful, sensitive and effective whenever they are communicating with others.Care professionals communicate and interact with colleagues, other professionals and the people who use care services by using a variety of word-based (verbal) and non-word-based (non-verbal) methods of communication. Verbal and non-verbal communication can be explored separately but occur simultaneously. Effective verbal communication occurs when one person speaks (writes) and at least one other listens to (reads) and understands the message. Talking with service users, their relatives and with colleagues is a frequent, everyday occurrence for care professionals.For example, verbal communication skills are needed to: respond to questions asked by people who use services, their families and friends; discuss the worries, concerns and distress of people who use care services ; ask questions when carrying out needs assessments or reviewing progress. Services user’s records, organisational policies and procedures, official letters and memos, emails and text messages between care practitioners are all examples of verbal, or word-based, communication in written form.People who have hearing (or dual hearing and sight) impairments sometimes communicate through the use of specialist forms of nonverbal signing. Sign languages are often taught and used in settings where service users have limited ability to use verbal language due to learning disabilities. In situations where people speak different languages or prefer to use different communication systems – such as British Sign Language or Makaton – effective communication may only be possible if assistance is provided by a third party.Care organisations and agencies may use one or more of the following human aids to ensure that communication are effective in these circumstances. As a profe ssional, it is your responsibility to make sure that your communication skills meet the needs of the people you support. We don’t have to talk to other people to communicate or interact with them. We also communicate non-verbally through body language, the way we dress and sometimes through the activities we take part in.As we will see, body language, art, drama and music, as well as specialist techniques such as signing, are all non-verbal methods of communication that are used within care settings. The human face is very expressive and is an important source of nonverbal communication. Care practitioners can use their understanding of postural messages to read a person’s mood and feelings. This can give useful information during assessment interviews and in one-to-one counselling sessions. Nonverbal communication, just like language, varies across cultures. These differences can sometimes lead to misunderstandings.Nonverbal communication is communication through mean s other than language, facial expressions, personal space, and eye contact, use of time, conversational silence and cultural space. Care professionals communicate effectively when they are able to ‘connect’ directly with other individuals. To be able to do this well, a care professional must adapt to the communication and language needs and preferences of others. This includes people who are unable to use spoken language and people who have sensory impairments that limit their communication and interaction abilities.Care professionals may also encourage some people to make use of technological aids, such as electronic communicators, hearing aids and videophones, to overcome specific communication problems. These kinds of technological aids are specifically designed to help individuals who have difficulty sending or receiving the messages that form their communication with others. Getting your message across, and correctly interpreting the messages communicated to you, a re vital to effective communication.

Correctional Staff Attitudes Essays

Correctional Staff Attitudes Essays Correctional Staff Attitudes Essay Correctional Staff Attitudes Essay Correctional Staff Attitudes and its Effects on the Entire Facility Teresa McCroskey CJ503 – 01NA Organizational Behavior Unit 3 April 13, 2010 Instructor Colleen McCue Correctional Staff Attitudes and its Effects on the Entire Facility The correctional staffs work environment is largely a part of the issue of why it is hard to keep efficient staff. The correctional supervisor must be able to find solutions for staff to be able to handle the hostile work environment, job dangers, shift work, and dealing with the family stressors. This can cause many issues such as lack of sleep, issues with child care, along with dangerous inmates the correctional officers deal with, medical issues, among a few. This causes many of the officers to have absenteeism from work, and develop negative attitudes, work habits, and feelings towards the people he/she is supervised by or receive promotions before them. Correctional workers work in a unique work environment. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Correctional officers can develop medical issues that can cause them time off work called stressors. These stressors can come from lack of sleep which can disrupt much of an officers day. Some of the symptoms are what is called Shift lag. â€Å"Shift lag is impaired performance. Lack of sleep can cause gastrointestinal issues, depression and apathy, sleepiness or falling asleep at work, and sleep interference during the daytime. Medical issues that can come from the stressors of lack of sleep can cause much disruption in an officers work day. Some of the symptoms are: shift lag, impaired performance, gastrointestinal dysfunction, depression and apathy, sleepiness/sleeping at work, and sleep disruption during the daytime sleep. Women face the issue of cardiovascular and obstetric problems more so then men. Women face having low birth rate babies, preterm babies, and spontaneous abortions. Where men may have issues with cardiovascular issues and sleep disorders. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) There was a study done and in this study there was nine correctional norms found. The nine norms or beliefs found among the officers and supervisors. They were: â€Å"That the officer is to protect his partner, bring no drugs to his partner, no turning on another officer, never make an officer look bad in front of an inmate, lways help an officer against an inmate, do not be a goody-two-shoes, all officers stand together against all outside groups, show positive concern for all fellow officers†. (Dial Johnson, 2008) The senior officers train the trainees to help them learn the ropes of the inmates. The trainees are taught that the inmates are the enemy and can not be trusted. The first thing one is to suspect is that one can anticipate trouble at any time. More often than not there are signs of issues brewing. Look for signs of noise change whether quieter or louder. If the offender refuses to be searched then that could be a sign as well. These are all signs that a senior officer will teach a trainee to help him/her fit in the subculture of the prison. Different officers use different techniques to gain control of the inmates. Some use force some use psychological pressure. No two officers use the complete same technique or are two offenders the same. Training of racial and mental health inmates are trained by the senior officers to the new officers because it is a different subculture to face. Peer pressure is one of the issues that cause prison guards to be vulnerable or negative. The dependency on support and response of other staff , new staff orientation includes a â€Å"code of silence,† this gives a message that administration does not care about safety and will not allocate what is needed to do the job â€Å"the right way,† and which means the job gets done â€Å"our way. † (Cocoran, 2005) Without the extra training it can be it can be extra stress from the more difficult inmates and there would be more employee turnover, sick leave, and possible peer pressure from the officers trying to fit in and not being able to do so. Experienced practioners, program specialists, and evaluators conducted interviews and did observations on all shifts. This team went into the cultures formal and informal. The stresses of the job, the patterns of the job, the patterns and unique values held by the members of the shift members of the job and attitudes and behaviors. â€Å"This can cause possible misalignment of management and line staff. It can affect the core value of the policy and practices. Others understand the issues like another police officer or correctional officer. (Cocoran, 2005) If all are available to one another it is easier for officers to deal with the job stressors. Support should always come from another officer or officer support program. In the testing of the Westville Correction Center, which is a medium security prison, 100 officers volunteered to take and be involved in the survey and experiment. This was a year long experiment, which in turn lessened assaults, grievances, the number of escapes , and the amount of overtime. According to the guards, and inmates the program is to help the administration, supervisors change the culture to help prison guards and inmates with the values, norms to be positive and create policies where the everyone can be safe and treated fairly, as well establish communication through the environment where the environment practices in the institutions and promote a safe environment where people are valued for what he/she can give. A subculture at work may cause an officer to act in a way that may violate his beliefs. This can cause him/her issues at home, inner conflict, and at work. Then a coworker can come into play on helping to finding a social support group to relieve the stress and perception that has been caused from that subculture. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"The three aspects of the social support group comes from supervision and management, helping to stop burnouts and vital in assisting with alleviating stressors, intervention in the job and work setting such as: pressure designed to force them to resign or transfer, no backing when attacked or goaded by inmates, and no support in dealing with public problems with visitors, protestors, press. (Dial Johnson, 2008) The next biggest issue of many correctional officers is not only the officers’ health issues, job efficiency, and job satisfaction is how the organization that the officers work for care about handling the needs of the officers long term. In most cases are looked at through long term surveys and testing when hiring correctional officers and afterwards by correctional facilities. If supervisor can identify what makes one’s life stressful it can help assist in making the correctional officers’ stress reduction easier. Dial Johnson, 2008) The most often caused stressors are controlling his/her own stress, recognizing and helping stressed – out workers cope with their stress, and improving physical conditions as well as mental outlook of workers. à ¢â‚¬Å"The community offers very little support to correctional officers, which causes family issues, and the divorce rate was twice that of other workers in 1983. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"Correctional officers let off the tensions of work in wrong places (at home), excessive discipline at home, spent less time at home on days off. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Officers experiencing stress at work took it out on the family and damaged the family and caused major family damage with his/her spouse and children. Shift work, long hours, overtime made it difficult for officers to function in a family oriented capacity and weaken the ties of family support more. Shift work, long hours, and overtime make it difficult for officers to attend important family functions; further weakening his/her ties to a family support system. The most important seems to be peer support in a dangerous job like Corrections. It tends to be because of the alienation and cynicism that the officers feel. The officers that the coworkers were trustworthy had issues about the job on surveys. It was found on the surveys that often correctional officers worked against one another which caused dissatisfaction on the job. The researchers gathered data for the present paper through surveys they administered to correctional staff attending regional in-service training for a southern prison system. This region has 13 correctional institutions that oversee offenders from all custody designations. These prisons hold the death row inmates as well as the high – security prison. The survey was given seven times within three months. Then the researchers coded and tabulated the surveys. â€Å"This survey excluded people that were not in service for fewer that eight months of training. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) The person had to be in direct contact with the inmates was the only qualification for the sample selection. No demographics were made to race or gender. Women also face other issues more so than men such as cardiovascular and obstetric problems. The obstetric issues are low birth rates, preterm deliveries, and spontaneous abortions. (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"Sharing information is important and this can be done at town meetings and on the department of corrections website. † (Cocoran, 2005) Like in many employment situations the officers work long hours and spend more time with coworkers and less time with his/her families. At times the officers view the coworkers view his/her a family. Often the coworkers bring in food and share it instead of eating the food cooked by the inmates. It is good for team building and unity of the coworkers even though most of the employees still will not become friends. The team building through officers bringing food and sharing is seen as a challenge for officers to care and feel pressure and can feel stress from officers. Administration can create an environment where workers are invited to show concern for one another. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Job satisfaction and job stress can be decreased if officers and supervisors can instill concern for each other between coworkers. Officers have indicated that if he/she believes that coworkers do not care about them, officers experience bitterness and burnout and officers feeling fear at the hands of coworkers than the inmates and the deceitfulness of the officers and inmates. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Some of the officers had great experiences with supervisors being positive, showing great unity with the team, and being clear minded. One officer stated he/she loved his shift and unit. (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"New officers report higher levels of work stress than other officers. The survey also showed that mentors should be carefully selected for new young officers. Due to the young officers could get swallowed up by the pitfalls of prison employment. The relationship may foster between mentor and employees. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) Correctional supervisors and administration staff need to make sure that the employees have the support needed to help them stay emotional, mentality, and physically fit to deal with the daily stressors of the inmates in the institution he/she manages. If he/she sees that employee issues are starting, then he or she needs to start looking at the problems and finding solutions to the problems. It could be more than the person itself.

The Union Jack Flag - Flag of the United Kingdom

The Union Jack Flag - Flag of the United Kingdom The Union Jack, or Union Flag, is the flag of the United Kingdom. The Union Jack has been in existence since 1606, when England and Scotland merged, but changed to its current form in 1801 when Ireland joined the United Kingdom Why the Three Crosses? In 1606, when England and Scotland were both ruled by one monarch (James I), the first Union Jack flag was created by merging the English flag (the red cross of Saint George on a white background) with the Scottish flag (the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew on a blue background). Then, in 1801, the addition of Ireland to the United Kingdom added the Irish flag (the red Saint Patricks cross) to the Union Jack. The crosses on the flags relate to the patron saints of each entity - St. George is the patron saint of England, St. Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, and St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. Why Is It Called the Union Jack? While no one is quite certain where the term Union Jack originated, there are many theories. Union is thought to come from the union of the three flags into one.   As for Jack, one explanation states that for many centuries a jack referred to a small flag flown from a boat or ship and perhaps the Union Jack was used there first.   Others believe that Jack could come from the name of James I or from a soldiers jack-et. There are plenty of theories, but, in truth, the answer is that no one knows for sure where Jack came from. Also Called the Union Flag The Union Jack, which is most properly called the Union Flag, is the official flag of the United Kingdom and has been in its current form since 1801. The Union Jack on Other Flags The Union Jack is also incorporated into the flags of four independent countries of the British Commonwealth - Australia, Fiji, Tuvalu, and New Zealand.

Imagine you are writing a textbook chapter for criminology students, Essay

Imagine you are writing a textbook chapter for criminology students, where you are explaining one specific crime( choose between drink driving, mobile theft or - Essay Example However, as Siegel (2005) argues that there maybe concern regarding potential costs, insularity being one of them. A potential kind of insularity that specialised criminology studies can face is isolation from other areas of study from which it originated. Twenty years ago almost every criminologist had a Ph.D. level education in traditional areas such as sociology, psychology, political science or economics. Current breed of crime experts however, have doctorates in departments that are solely dedicated to crime and justice. Although this provides good grounds for specialised training in criminology yet it may not be a place to learn about anything besides it. In order to avoid this potential isolation, we need to maintain a steady flow of ideas to and from other disciplines. One way of doing that is through involvement of criminologists in those disciplines (Siegel, 2005). In order to understand perspectives of different disciplines, various aspects of criminal theories are evaluated against an example of some prevalent crime. These theories were developed on the basis of human nature consisting of classical and positive school. Moreover, increased maturity in criminology has sprung on sociological theories on formative and social development platforms. Bierne & Messerschmidt (1994) argue that examining a specific crime can help us understand the theories and adapt them in a way to help us recognize the nature of crimes. Hence, we can analyse a common crime of cell phone theft in our society to help us combine these theories. Experts present many causes as reasons for people to show criminal behaviour. Misguided arguments like criminal behaviour is a matter of choices and that people commit crimes because that is what the want to do has serious impact upon crime control measures. Direct intrusion techniques have been the classical approach towards crime control strategies. Since Bierne & Messerschmidt (1994) suggest